随着复杂的机器学习模型越来越多地用于银行，交易或信用评分等敏感应用中，对可靠的解释机制的需求越来越不断增长。局部特征归因方法已成为事后和模型不足的解释的流行技术。但是，归因方法通常假设一个固定环境，其中预测模型已经受过训练并保持稳定。结果，通常不清楚本地归因在现实，不断发展的设置（例如流和在线应用程序）中的行为。在本文中，我们讨论了时间变化对本地特征归因的影响。特别是，我们表明，每次更新预测模型或概念漂移都会改变数据生成分布时，本地归因都会变得过时。因此，数据流中的局部特征归因只有在结合一种机制结合使用的机制时才能提供高解释性功能，该机制使我们能够随着时间的推移检测和响应局部变化。为此，我们介绍了Cdleeds，这是一个灵活而模型的不合理框架，用于检测局部变化和概念漂移。 CDEREDS是基于归因的解释技术的直观扩展，以识别过时的局部归因并实现更多针对性的重新计算。在实验中，我们还表明，所提出的框架可以可靠地检测到本地和全球概念漂移。因此，我们的工作在在线机器学习中有助于更有意义，更强大的解释性。

异构表格数据是最常用的数据形式，对于众多关键和计算要求的应用程序至关重要。在同质数据集上，深度神经网络反复显示出卓越的性能，因此被广泛采用。但是，它们适应了推理或数据生成任务的表格数据仍然具有挑战性。为了促进该领域的进一步进展，这项工作概述了表格数据的最新深度学习方法。我们将这些方法分为三组：数据转换，专业体系结构和正则化模型。对于每个小组，我们的工作提供了主要方法的全面概述。此外，我们讨论了生成表格数据的深度学习方法，并且还提供了有关解释对表格数据的深层模型的策略的概述。因此，我们的第一个贡献是解决上述领域中的主要研究流和现有方法，同时强调相关的挑战和开放研究问题。我们的第二个贡献是在传统的机器学习方法中提供经验比较，并在五个流行的现实世界中的十种深度学习方法中，具有不同规模和不同的学习目标的经验比较。我们已将作为竞争性基准公开提供的结果表明，基于梯度增强的树合奏的算法仍然大多在监督学习任务上超过了深度学习模型，这表明对表格数据的竞争性深度学习模型的研究进度停滞不前。据我们所知，这是对表格数据深度学习方法的第一个深入概述。因此，这项工作可以成为有价值的起点，以指导对使用表格数据深入学习感兴趣的研究人员和从业人员。

Machine learning models are typically evaluated by computing similarity with reference annotations and trained by maximizing similarity with such. Especially in the bio-medical domain, annotations are subjective and suffer from low inter- and intra-rater reliability. Since annotations only reflect the annotation entity's interpretation of the real world, this can lead to sub-optimal predictions even though the model achieves high similarity scores. Here, the theoretical concept of Peak Ground Truth (PGT) is introduced. PGT marks the point beyond which an increase in similarity with the reference annotation stops translating to better Real World Model Performance (RWMP). Additionally, a quantitative technique to approximate PGT by computing inter- and intra-rater reliability is proposed. Finally, three categories of PGT-aware strategies to evaluate and improve model performance are reviewed.

Quaternion valued neural networks experienced rising popularity and interest from researchers in the last years, whereby the derivatives with respect to quaternions needed for optimization are calculated as the sum of the partial derivatives with respect to the real and imaginary parts. However, we can show that product- and chain-rule does not hold with this approach. We solve this by employing the GHRCalculus and derive quaternion backpropagation based on this. Furthermore, we experimentally prove the functionality of the derived quaternion backpropagation.

Neuromorphic systems require user-friendly software to support the design and optimization of experiments. In this work, we address this need by presenting our development of a machine learning-based modeling framework for the BrainScaleS-2 neuromorphic system. This work represents an improvement over previous efforts, which either focused on the matrix-multiplication mode of BrainScaleS-2 or lacked full automation. Our framework, called hxtorch.snn, enables the hardware-in-the-loop training of spiking neural networks within PyTorch, including support for auto differentiation in a fully-automated hardware experiment workflow. In addition, hxtorch.snn facilitates seamless transitions between emulating on hardware and simulating in software. We demonstrate the capabilities of hxtorch.snn on a classification task using the Yin-Yang dataset employing a gradient-based approach with surrogate gradients and densely sampled membrane observations from the BrainScaleS-2 hardware system.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent chronic joint disease worldwide, where knee OA takes more than 80% of commonly affected joints. Knee OA is not a curable disease yet, and it affects large columns of patients, making it costly to patients and healthcare systems. Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of knee OA might be argued by variability in its clinical and physical manifestations. Although knee OA carries a list of well-known terminology aiming to standardize the nomenclature of the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and clinical outcomes of the chronic joint disease, in practice there is a wide range of terminology associated with knee OA across different data sources, including but not limited to biomedical literature, clinical notes, healthcare literacy, and health-related social media. Among these data sources, the scientific articles published in the biomedical literature usually make a principled pipeline to study disease. Rapid yet, accurate text mining on large-scale scientific literature may discover novel knowledge and terminology to better understand knee OA and to improve the quality of knee OA diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. The present works aim to utilize artificial neural network strategies to automatically extract vocabularies associated with knee OA diseases. Our finding indicates the feasibility of developing word embedding neural networks for autonomous keyword extraction and abstraction of knee OA.

Data-centric artificial intelligence (data-centric AI) represents an emerging paradigm emphasizing that the systematic design and engineering of data is essential for building effective and efficient AI-based systems. The objective of this article is to introduce practitioners and researchers from the field of Information Systems (IS) to data-centric AI. We define relevant terms, provide key characteristics to contrast the data-centric paradigm to the model-centric one, and introduce a framework for data-centric AI. We distinguish data-centric AI from related concepts and discuss its longer-term implications for the IS community.

Many real-world reinforcement learning tasks require control of complex dynamical systems that involve both costly data acquisition processes and large state spaces. In cases where the transition dynamics can be readily evaluated at specified states (e.g., via a simulator), agents can operate in what is often referred to as planning with a \emph{generative model}. We propose the AE-LSVI algorithm for best-policy identification, a novel variant of the kernelized least-squares value iteration (LSVI) algorithm that combines optimism with pessimism for active exploration (AE). AE-LSVI provably identifies a near-optimal policy \emph{uniformly} over an entire state space and achieves polynomial sample complexity guarantees that are independent of the number of states. When specialized to the recently introduced offline contextual Bayesian optimization setting, our algorithm achieves improved sample complexity bounds. Experimentally, we demonstrate that AE-LSVI outperforms other RL algorithms in a variety of environments when robustness to the initial state is required.

Multimodal deep learning has been used to predict clinical endpoints and diagnoses from clinical routine data. However, these models suffer from scaling issues: they have to learn pairwise interactions between each piece of information in each data type, thereby escalating model complexity beyond manageable scales. This has so far precluded a widespread use of multimodal deep learning. Here, we present a new technical approach of "learnable synergies", in which the model only selects relevant interactions between data modalities and keeps an "internal memory" of relevant data. Our approach is easily scalable and naturally adapts to multimodal data inputs from clinical routine. We demonstrate this approach on three large multimodal datasets from radiology and ophthalmology and show that it outperforms state-of-the-art models in clinically relevant diagnosis tasks. Our new approach is transferable and will allow the application of multimodal deep learning to a broad set of clinically relevant problems.

Using graph neural networks for large graphs is challenging since there is no clear way of constructing mini-batches. To solve this, previous methods have relied on sampling or graph clustering. While these approaches often lead to good training convergence, they introduce significant overhead due to expensive random data accesses and perform poorly during inference. In this work we instead focus on model behavior during inference. We theoretically model batch construction via maximizing the influence score of nodes on the outputs. This formulation leads to optimal approximation of the output when we do not have knowledge of the trained model. We call the resulting method influence-based mini-batching (IBMB). IBMB accelerates inference by up to 130x compared to previous methods that reach similar accuracy. Remarkably, with adaptive optimization and the right training schedule IBMB can also substantially accelerate training, thanks to precomputed batches and consecutive memory accesses. This results in up to 18x faster training per epoch and up to 17x faster convergence per runtime compared to previous methods.